What is a transaction?
A transaction is a series of events that are conducted in businesses that involves a request, acknowledgement, action and an outcome which in turn generates or modifies data.
A transaction normally involves money, and is recorded in an information system through transaction processing systems.
Examples include paying a supplier for goods delivered, paying an employee for hours worked or receiving payment from a customer in exchange for goods or services delivered.
What is a transaction processing system?
A transaction processing system is an information system that collects and stores data about transactions and sometimes controls decisions made as part of a transaction.
It is different from other information systems as they directly support business operations.
What is the components of transaction processing systems?
The components of a TPS, like all information systems, include purpose, information processes, participants, data/information and information technology. Thought, the most important component of a TPS is the people. Without people the system does not have customers and without customers it does not have a function to perform.
Users are the people that use the information that is stored by the TPS and may include people that are employees of a company that owns the TPS. The information provided from the TPS may be used for other information systems such as stock control and marketing.
Environment: Temporary Participants, Use system as normal activities.
Purpose is a statement identifying who the information system is for and what it needs to achieve. In TPS, it depends on the business. An example of a real-time transaction processing is motel reservation systems and the purpose of the TPS may be to sell a room.
Information processes are computer based and non-computer based factors that the TPS should have or can do. In the example of a motel reservation system, it may include collecting customer details, search database, update transactions and display room information.
Participants are people who will enter the data. They may include data entry operators, people working at checkouts, basically anyone carrying out the tasks required to process the data. In the motel reservation system example, it may be the motel staff or the manager.
Data/Information is the raw material used by information processes. In the motel reservation example, it could include confirmation, customer account and room details.
Information Technology is hardware and software used in information processes and in the motel reservation system example; it could be a personal computer, DBMS and EFTPOS.
What is data integrity?
Data integrity is the reliability of data.Integrity in a RTTPS is provided by passing the ACID test:
Atomicity- is that all steps involved in a transaction are completed successfully as a group. If any steps fail during the process, then the entire transaction is abandoned, in other words, either all goes successful or nothing and the transaction is cancelled or stopped. If some succeed and others fail there is no atomicity.
Consistency- is when a transaction successfully transforms the system and the database from one valid state to another.
Isolation- is if a transaction is processed along with other transactions, and still behaves as if it were the only transaction executing the system and does not interfere with other data base updates.
Durability- is if all the changes that a transaction makes become permanent after the transaction is committed.
What is data warehousing?
Data Warehousing is a database that collects information from different data sources. It provides data that is:
Consolidated-when the data is organised using consistent naming conventions, measurements, attributes and semantics. This allows data from across the organisation to be used effectively.
Subject-orientated- organises only relevant key business information from operational sources so that it is readily available for analysis and the users won't need to go searching for it.
Historical-the data is accurate for a specific moment of time as it represents historical information and cannot change. The data warehouse stores snapshots of operations over a period of time.
Read-only- After data has been moved to the data warehouse it does not change unless the information is incorrect. It must also never be updated as it represents particular point in time therefor data can only be loaded and queried.
What is data validation?
Validation involves procedures to ensure transactions are correct and are accurately stored in the database.
It involves:
Transaction initiation- is used to signify that the TP monitor is ready to receive the transaction data. It is used in real-time processing to eliminate possible errors. Some TPSs add entry time to transactions to trace the data it becomes lost.
Field checking- is when transaction data is entered into a database and is organised into files. Data validation is carried out using range check, type check, list check or check digit.
What are the backup procedures?
TPS are very important to organisations as they are very dependent on them and so a breakdown may stop a business functioning well. This is why businesses need a well-designed backup and recovery process.
Backup processes include:
MAGNETIC TAPE- is a very long thin strip of plastic coated with a thin layer of magnetic material and the information is read from and written to using a tape drive. The data is retrieved using sequential access. Often used as a backup medium as it can store large quantities of data inexpensively.
GRANDFATHER-FATHER-SON- this involves at least 3 generations of backup master files. The most recent is the son; followed by the father then grandfather. If failure occurs, the son is used, though if it gets lost the father is used. This process of keeping several generations of backup files ensures the data can be recreated.
PARTIAL BACKUPS- when only parts of the master file are backed up. Transactions completed since the last backup are stored separately in journals. In the event of a failure the master file is recreated using the backup tape and journal files.
What is real Time (On line) Transaction Processing?
RESERVATION SYSTEMS- involves putting aside a service or product for the customer to use at a future time. This system is commonly used for travelling such as in flight and train bookings and motel reservations. This uses real time TP because transactions are made in presence of customers, and the service or product is to be put aside immediately.
POS TERMINALS- are used by retail stores to sell goods and services. They send data to a central computer when a sale is made, which is then processed immediately therefore the data is usually converted into a form that can be transmitted easily. An advantage is that once the barcode of the product is received on the POS terminal, it can provide price and any other relevant information about the product.
LIBRARY LOAN SYSTEM- is used to keep track of items borrowed from the library. When a book is borrowed the librarian scans the barcode on the person's membership card and the barcode on the book. This information and the date are immediately recorded on the library database in real-time. Only difference between reservations systems and library loans is that loan system has more items, which are stored in a data warehouse.
What are the two types of transaction processing?
Batch transaction processing: This transaction stores information that is gathered into a 'batch' or group, and may not process it immediately but instead waits until a set or convenient time to process the whole 'batch'. An example of the batch transaction processing is the processing of an invoice or cheques in a banking system.
Real time transaction processing: This transaction processes the information immediately, though the operator has to have access to an online database. Examples of real time transaction processing's include the withdrawal from a bank account or library loans.
What are the system recovery processes?
Recovery of a databases involves:
BACKUP-backing up the information, usually once a day, of the entire system and storing it in a secure location.
JOURNAL-is the list of transactions and database changes. A transaction log stores all essential data for each transaction while a database change log contains before and after copies of records modified by transactions.
CHECKPOINT- when transactions in progress are completed and journals are updated and a transaction file called the 'checkpoint record' is created. A copy of the database up to this point is a 'checkpoint copy'. This allows it to be possible to resume processing from the most recent checkpoint.
RECOVERY MANAGER- is a program that stores the database to a correct condition and restarts the transaction processing.
What does ACID properties include?
Atomicity- is that all steps involved in a transaction are completed successfully as a group. If any steps fail during the process, then the entire transaction is abandoned, in other words, either all goes successful or nothing and the transaction is cancelled or stopped. If some succeed and others fail there is no atomicity.
Consistency- is when a transaction successfully transforms the system and the database from one valid state to another.
Isolation- is if a transaction is processed along with other transactions, and still behaves as if it were the only transaction executing the system and does not interfere with other data base updates.
Durability- is if all the changes that a transaction makes become permanent after the transaction is committed.
What is data verification?
Data verification is checking the data, such as check for spelling mistakes, check for data that has not been entered correctly, or check that all data has been entered and nothing is missing.
Automation of manual transaction processing.
Are business systems that operate without the use of machines. People are used to record the data about business activities e.g. a manual POS system. Computerisation of manual transaction systems provides significant benefits to the business. It increases the rate products are sold and provides information on which products are in demand. After a period of time business can modify product range to suit customers habits. Aims to maximise profit of business.
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